ERP evidence for successful voluntary avoidance of conscious recollection. M., Velmans, M., Fockert, J., & Richardson-Klavehn, A. Rebound effects following deliberate thought suppression: Does PTSD make a difference? Behavioral Therapy, 37, 170–180.īergstrom, Z. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 301–322.īeck, J. Directed forgetting of recently recalled autobiographical memories. A., Mayoh, L., Speyer, J., Avizmil, O., & Harris, C. Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories. N., Kuhl, B., Cooper, J., Robertson, E., Gabrieli, S. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 189–194.Īnderson, M. Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 4, 185–210.Īnderson, M. Active forgetting: Evidence for functional inhibition as a source of memory failure. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Rev. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 683–703.Īmerican Psychiatric Association (2000). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression: A meta-analysis of controlled studies. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from. Revealing the neural correlates and mechanisms of the suppression of negative memories has relevance for disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, in which traumatic memories often intrude and are associated with avoidance. Thus, during attempts to suppress negative memories, regions involved in the emotional and sensory aspects of memory reactivate, along with regions indexing conscious recall. Coinciding with this sustained hippocampal activation, the amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate, and fusiform gyrus showed greater activation during the suppression of negative memories than during suppression of neutral memories. However, we show for the first time that lowered hippocampal activation occurs during the suppression of neutral, but not negative, words. Similar right-lateralized frontoparietal regions were activated more during suppression than during recall, regardless of emotion. During fMRI scanning, the participants were shown the cues and were instructed to recall the targets or to suppress the targets, using attentional distraction. Participants first learned 40 word pairs consisting of a cue and either a neutral or a negative target. However, different effects may occur in the case of emotional memories. Hippocampal activation has been shown to decrease during the suppression of previously learned neutral words. The hippocampus is crucial for successful explicit recall. Intertrial priming negative priming positive priming saccades visual search.We performed an event-related fMRI study comparing attempts at suppressing recall of negative versus neutral memories. Whereas positive priming seems to be a robust mechanism, negative priming is only present if there are multiple distractors. We propose that negative priming is solely observed when multiple distractors result in either strong inhibition of distractor features, or strong adaptation to them. Based on the differences between these experiments, we conclude that the number of distractors is essential in observing negative priming. This finding is in contrast to previous results with this paradigm, based on which we concluded that visual priming is strictly the result of boosting perceptual target signals. We found both negative and positive priming, irrespective of whether the repeating feature was relevant or irrelevant. In two experiments, we examined the deviation of saccade endpoints in situations in which the target and distractors were presented in relative close proximity. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether such priming in visual search is due to a strengthening of the target signal, or the suppression of the distractor signal. Visual attention is guided by the history of selections in previous trials, an effect usually referred to as intertrial priming.
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